Why Do Ladybugs Have Spots

If asked to picture a ladybug in your mind, you would undoubtedly imagine a round, red beetle with black polka dots on its back. This is the charismatic insect we remember from childhood, and the ladybug we probably encounter most often in our gardens. Perhaps youve been asked by a child—or wondered yourself—why do ladybugs have spots? Spots Are a Warning to Predators A ladybugs spots are a warning to predators. This color combination—black and red or orange—is known as aposematic coloration. Ladybugs arent the only insects that use aposematic coloration to discourage predators. Just about any black and red/orange insect you can find is signaling the same thing to predators: Stay away! I taste terrible! The monarch butterfly is probably the best-known example of an insect using aposematic coloration. The spots are just part of the ladybugs clever color scheme. Ladybugs produce alkaloids, toxic chemicals that make them unpalatable to hungry spiders, ants, or other predators. When threatened, ladybugs exude small droplets of hemolymph from their leg joints, an unusual response known as reflex bleeding. The alkaloids in the blood produce a foul odor, another warning to the predator. Research shows that a ladybugs colors are an indication of how toxic it is. Brighter ladybugs have higher levels of toxins than paler beetles do. Ladybugs with richer colors were also found to have better quality diets early in their lives. This correlation suggests that when resources are plentiful, the well-nourished ladybug can invest more energy in producing toxic defense chemicals and warning pigmentation. What the Number of Spots Means Although the spots themselves are just part of the warning color scheme, the number of spots on a ladybug does have significance. Some people think theyre age spots, and that counting them will tell you an individual ladybugs age. Thats a common misconception and is not true. But the spots and other markings do help you identify the species of ladybug. Some species have no spots at all. The record-holder for the most spots is the 24-spot ladybug (Subcoccinella 24-punctata.) Ladybugs arent always red with black spots, either. The twice-stabbed ladybug (Chilocorus stigma) is black with two red spots. People have long been fascinated by ladybugs, and there are many folk beliefs about the ladybugs spots. Some say the number of spots on a ladybug tells you how many children you will have, while others believe they portend how much money you will receive. A folk legend among farmers says that a ladybug with 7 or more spots predicts a coming famine. A ladybug with fewer than 7 spots is a sign of a good harvest. Sources â€Å"All About Ladybugs.†Ã‚  Lostladybug.org, 27 Dec. 2012.Brossi, Arnold, (ed.) The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. Academic Press, 1987, Cambridge, Mass.Lewis, Donald R. Ants, Bees and Ladybugs - Old Legends Die Hard. Iowa State University Extension, May 1999.Marshall, Stephen, A. Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity. Firefly Books, 2006, Buffalo, N.Y.â€Å"Redder Ladybirds More Deadly, Say Scientists.†Ã‚  ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, 6 Feb. 2012.

Ignornance of Tradition in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson

Tradition, defined as the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction. (Tradition) Tradition is a core trait of humanity, from the time before recorded history to present, humanity has followed traditions or customs that have been passed down from generation to generation. More often than not communities all over the world blindly follow these practices with little regard to who started them or why they were enacted in the first place. The community, in the short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, is no different. The community members follow the tradition of the lottery without any consideration to its ramifications.†¦show more content†¦In addition to the fear of change, Shirley Jackson also illustrates the blindness of the townsfolk to the dangers and complete irrationality of the lottery. The winner of the town lottery gets killed for no lucid reason what so ever. This stra nge ceremony proposes how dangerous traditions can be when communities follow them blindly. Jackson paints a picture of a small, peaceful and quiet town in the beginning of the story. Each villager is beginning preparations for a seemingly harmless town lottery; however, by the end of the story the reality of the lottery takes a complete 360 turn and culminates with the murder of an innocent town member. Blind approval of the lottery has permitted ceremonious murders to become a part of the towns heritage, for the sole reason of keeping tradition. Guess we better get started, get this over with, sos we can go back to work. (Jackson 840) These typical citizens, who have just taken time out of their day effortlessly kill someone, return to work without any remorse or regret when they are told to do so. No one stops to question it, and therefore the senseless loss of life continues. Jackson uses the lottery as a severe example of what can happen when traditions and rituals are not ques tioned by future generations. Tradition is central to small towns; it provides a way for families and generations to connect with each other. However, when blindly followed these

Marketing Analysis Of RMIT University Australia †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Analysis Of RMIT University Australia. Answer: Background RMIT is global university of technologies, designing and enterprises. It is Australias one of the original territory institution. The educational institution is one of the top leading name in the sector. The business corporation also enjoys an international reputation for the provision of an excellence in professional and vocational education and applied research (Crouch Housden, 2012)). The institution also makes the engagement and involvement of the service users with the needs of industry and the society. RMIT has been also enjoying the position of a leader in the sector of Art and design, Architecture, development, Education, computer science, Engineering, business and management, information systems, communication and media studies. The university was established in 1887 by the name of Working Mens college which was having an aim of providing educational facilities to the working individuals of Melbourne. The university has three campuses and two sites in Australia two campuses in Vietnam and a research and an industry collaboration center in Spain (rmit.edu.au. 2017). The institute also offers a varied number of programs through their business branches and partners in mainland china, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Sri-Lanka, Belgium. Austria, Germany and Netherland. Market and Demand assessment Australias law provides and support encouragement of quality education. The economy also provides varied options of educational services. On the basis of the research it has been observed that the economy offers approximately more than 22,000 programs to global and national students. Parliamentary requirements and standards for the quality has been provided and assured by the Education Services for Overseas Student Act 2000, or ECOS Act. Due to the implementation of this legislative framework Australian economy transformed to the most favorite destination for oversea students (Infoanalytica. 2017). In the prestigiousAcademic Ranking of World Universities2016, the university has been ranked among the top 500 institutions globally. RMIT ensures to develop and create differences in the lives and their standard of living of the students, staff members and the society through the education programs offered. The university is also committed in building and developing new teaching spaces wh ich will enhance and increase involvement of the service users in active learning and to also encouragement of the innovation in curriculum design so that students complete their graduation with relevant and appropriate skills. Pathways between vocational and higher education the university provides flexible entry opportunities or the option of qualifications which comprises the best of both. Segmentation and target marketing Marketingsegmentation is the concept which aids the targetmarketing in becoming more specific and which enhances the quality of the outcomes. Segmentation makes a clear division of market place into the smaller segments. The segments are based on the customers needs, wants and demand characteristics (Armstrong et al, 2014). The concept of target marketing always gets priority after marketing segmentation, which aids the business organization in choosing their target market or to which consumer they wish to sell their products and services. RMIT university provides educational services and varied prams to millions of t as well as domestic students (Managementstudyguide. 2017). The university offers programs of study in 17 schools across three academic colleges. The institution also has three campuses and two campuses in Vietnam and a research industry collaboration center in Spain. And on the basis of this research it has been observed that the university does not make use of psychogr aphic and behavioral segmentation for targeting their customers, as in these segmentations the university is required to consider attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral patterns and benefits of the targeted customers. And as a result diversity is found on the large scale. There are students from different cultural background and regions which are having different attitudes, perceptions and beliefs, lifestyle and behavioral patterns are also different (Hanlon. 2017). But then also RMIT has been making the use of geographic segmentation as this is location based variable. Moreover the institution has also been making use of the demographic segmentation for considering the age variable and targeting the customers as the university is interested in young adults. PEST analysis The external factors are the components of the PEST analysis and are every much significant for each and every business organization. This factor comprises of political, economic, social and technological which are describes for RMIT university: The political factors comprises of the norms and the regulations which are imposed by the governing bodies of the Australia in relation to the students who are coming from other countries for admission in Australian Universities. Only institutes registered under ECOS Act and registered on Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Oversea Students (CRICOS) are allowed or authorized for providing enrollment to the oversea students (Babin Zikmund, 2015). The universities in Australia also provide assurance of quality education and also provide additional benefits such as insurance facility for the protection of international students. There are various elements in the economical factor which comprises of economic growth, exchange rates, interest rates and inflation rates within an economy. A continuous boom has been observed in the international education sector. An estimate has been made that in the year of 2016, this sector contributed $19.7 billion to the gr and development of the Australian economy. A decline in the value of the Australian dollar will also be aiding in the growth of this sector. For the improvement of infrastructure, equipment and education standards, the federal Government provides funds to public universities which in turn encourage more international students to enroll for studying in Australia. The social factors comprises of the changing culture, the religions, the social beliefs of the service users within the region or the economy an when it comes to education (Hollensen, 2015). This factor will enable the students who desire to study abroad in international universities which will give them an international exposure. This will also aid the students in learning different countrys culture and people. Social factor also helps to grow international education sector. The technological up-gradations, the techniques, mechanisms and teaching methods, the tools and the equipments used within the universities all together comprises of the technological factors (Koumparoulis, 2013). This can also include how well the university is developed, the infrastructure of the and its various campuses, how well they are equipped, do they use latest technology and are their teachers and staff who are well verse in using such devices. Competitors Analysis One of the biggest and a close competitor of RMIT University is the University of New South Wales. Research and development is the field in which the RMIT University and UNSW are facing close competition from each other. UNSW is older university than RMIT University; however, RMIT University is more successful in attracting more number of students as the university has adopted contemporary promotional tools as compared to USNW. The University is also attracting more number of oversea students as compared to UNSW. And due to which it has been observed that RMIT University is promoting online education more as compared to UNSW. The one and only reason behind the success of university in attracting more oversea students as compared to UNSW is the adoption of the concept of broad target marketing. SWOT Analysis Strength: The increasing number of the international and domestic students can be considered as one of the biggest advantage and strength for the university been proven beneficial. Moreover the institute has a very big library collection and there are many other such as beneficial for the organization (Morrison. 2010). Also the diverse range of programs with minimum fee structure as compared to the rivals can also be considered as the strength for the university. Weakness: The University has a number of campuses, three campuses and two sites in Australia two campuses in Vietnam and a research and an industry collaboration center in Spain. As these campuses are very much far for the students who belong to other provinces. So this can come-up as one of the weakness for the university. Opportunity: The governing authorities of the economy have imposed a number of norms and laws which are in the favor of education and which has become an opportunity for the university (. Moreover the government is also providing proper funds and financial resources to the University for enhancing the quality of services and productivity. It is the great time for the RMIT University to excel and grow in the field of research and innovation. Threat: The biggest threat is the intensification in the competitive environment and UNSW is one of the biggest competitor and also the threat for the university (uis.edu. 2017). There can be fraudulent cases also with respect to the privileges that are being offered by the university to students in need. Value and Brand Positioning Analysis The term value proposition is concerned with the whole cluster of benefits which has been expected to be delivered by the company, the concept is more than the establishment of the brand image and core positioning of the products and the services. An assurance is required to be given by the company regarding the total experience that the service users can expect. The main objective of the University s of teaching, learning and research programs which are continually updated so as make the students, staff and graduates well versed and equipped to meet the challenges of the 21st century (Keller, Parameswaran Jacob, 2011). The University has been continuously upgrading its education system, has implemented number of modern and updated means and mechanisms of teaching and giving services to the students and is also updated with latest innovation and technology. RMIT is also well known for its quality of teaching and world class facilities (Kapferer, 2012). Moreover there are number of p rograms and courses offered by the university which promises to build communication, analytical skills and a professional sense of managing work in the students (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2012). Marketing aim and promotional objectives The concept is concerned with the aims and the goals which are set by the business corporation while making the promotions and advertising of the products or services to the potential consumers that should be achieved within a given time frame. Simply the term marketing objectives are also known as the marketing strategies which are set for the attainment of the organizational objectives. For instance the company's marketing objectives may comprises of the creation and enhancement of the product awareness among targeted consumers, providing appropriate and relevant information about the products features and reducing consumer resistance to buying the product. There below mentioned are some of the marketing aims and promotional objectives of RMIT University: RMIT has adopted some unique and distinct approaches for meeting the challenge and issues which are connected for being ready for life and work, the university offers many educational services which are deeply grounded in ideas and cross-disciplinary understanding. The university is involved in the development of the transformative students experience. This experience comprises of graduating the students for life and work, valuing and growth in diversity and also a digitally enabled experience. As the university has been providing educational services to the oversea students and wish to establish many more branches in other regions for facilitating the international service users. So another marketing objective is developing brand awareness among the new markets. Enhancement of the relationship with the customers is also of very much significance as this ithe factor which aids in the development of te brand image and goodwill of the organization. Marketing mix analysis Marketing mix has been considered as the set of actions and elements and these factors are utilized by the business organizations for the promotion of its brand or the products and the services. This concept is also referred as a strategic tool which will aid the business entity in getting a clear differentiating from that of its competitors (Marketingteacher. 2017). The below presented is the marketing mix analysis of RMIT university: The programs and the courses are the products/services that are being offered by the RMIT University. These are the courses which are being selected and then pursued by the students. This selection is based on the interests and needs of the students. The university offers a varied and diverse range of programs Art and design, Architecture, development, Education, computer science ( 2017), Engineering, business and management, information systems, communication and media studies. The prices of the university are of the programs and the courses are very much affordable which does not divest the students from attaining the educational services. Also the university has made some programs related to students welfare such as scholarships and allowances to the students who are in need. Making the services available for the consumers as per the needs and requirements is known as the concept of distribution. The university has established its branches and institutions on various locations for providing the services on a higher range. Further, the three Ps are people, process, and physical evidence are the main factors which aids the service industry in the distribution process of the services of the university (Sallis, 2014). In this concept people are referred as one of the medium for delivering the services, processes are the methods and mechanisms which aids in delivering the products, for instance, these are the ways which teaches the students use the equipment of the labs and classes. And the infrastructure of the university is the physical evidence. The promotions and the advertising done by making use of contemporary methods and this is done for the students to get attracted. The university uses web-based portals which are an online medium, business magazines, newspapers for making the promotions of the brand name and the services offered. Competitive strategies The determination of the firms low or high profitability is based on its position within its industry (Porter, 2011). And the concept of competitive advantage is on the fundamentals of the above average profitability. The two basic types of competitive advantage are associated with the scope of operations for which a business corporations tries for the attainment for the same and which lead to three generic strategies which are for achieving above average performance in an industry, cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Cost leadership The concept is concerned with making a business organization low cost producer in its industry. There are various sources of cost advantage which are dependent on the organizational structure within an industry. And these sources may comprise of the sources such as pursuit of economies of scale, preferential access to raw materials, proprietary technology and various other factors (Kelley, Sheehan Jugenheimer, 2015). If a firm can achieve and sustain overall cost leadership, then the business corporation is required who is a low cost producer must search and exploit all sources of cost advantage and this will make them in an above average performer in its sector, provided it can command prices at or near the industry average. Differentiation According to this concept the business corporation will try to develop a distinct image in its sector along with some of the dimensions which are considered as very much valuable for the consumers. And also this to this strategy number of components are selected by the business corporations which are considered as relevant and significant by the consumers and uniquely positions itself to meet those needs. Low cost focus The concept of low-cost focus strategy has been considered similar to the cost leadership strategy. But there is only one different component in this concept which is that it focuses on a niche market. This means that the marketing of the product is done specifically for a particular segment of consumers instead of marketing for the entire population. And the prime aim of this strategy is to become the cheapest provider in the specific segment. For example, RMIT University will focus on the service users of the specific region in which the campus of the university is established. Media and budget allocation for 2018 As advertising is a very much significant concept for the business corporations sales and growth and so development of the same is of very much essential and for that the company is required to plan and set a budget. There is a team of media planners who are concerned with the development of a media mix by considering a budget-conscious program which is developed by selecting between the objectives of the campaign and the properties of the media which are required to be utilized. The budget will develop an understanding each and every component which provides a cost-effective contribution in the attainment of the objectives. After this selection of an appropriate mix of media that will aid in best attain all of the objectives and that too. all within budget. Conclusion In the limelight of the above carried out analysis it can be inferred that RMIT University is an educational institution with an aim of providing the best educational services to the students for making them live a better life. The University has a high set of vision and values which enables them in development of a constant drive for the attainment of the idea of diversity and comprehensiveness. The biggest strength of the university is its increasing number of international and domestic students and the institute has a very big library collection and there are many other beneficial factors for the organization References rmit.edu.au, (2017), RNIT university, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://www.rmit.edu.au/about/our-education. ifm, (2016), Porter's Generic Competitive Strategies (ways of competing), Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/porters-generic-competitive-strategies/#.WSjvqevyvIU. Arbuckle, D, 2017, What are the four major types of competitive strategies Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/four-major-types-competitive-strategies-6166.html. Ramsey, D, (2015), Budgeting and media planning, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://www.hellostarling.com/budgeting-and-media-planning/. Infoanalytica, (2017), Market demand analysis, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://infoanalytica.com/market-demand-analysis.php. Crouch, S., Housden, M. (2012).Marketing research for managers. Routledge. Kotler, P. (2012).Kotler on marketing. Simon and Schuster. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Babin, B. J., Zikmund, W. G. (2015).Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hanlon, A, (2017), The segmentation, targeting and positioning model, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://www.smartinsights.com/digital-marketing-strategy/customer-segmentation-targeting/segmentation-targeting-and-positioning/. Managementstudyguide, (2017), Difference between market segmentation , targeting and positioning, Assessed on 29th May 2017,, https://www.managementstudyguide.com/marketing-segmentation-targeting-positioning.htm. Koumparoulis, D. N. (2013). PEST Analysis: The case of E-shop.International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences,2(2), 31-36. Morrison, M, (2010), SWOT analysis for schools|education|colleges|universities, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://rapidbi.com/swot-analysis-for-schools-and-education/. uis.edu, (2017), Strength, Weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://www.uis.edu/strategicplan/plan/sectiontwo/strengths/. Keller, K. L., Parameswaran, M. G., Jacob, I. (2011).Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Mindtools, (2017), The Marketing mix and the 4ps of marketing, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://www.m4pindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm. Marketingteacher, (2017), Marketing Mix, Assessed on 29th May 2017, https://www.marketingteacher.com/marketing-mix/. Altbach, P. G., Salmi, J. (Eds.). (2011).The road to academic excellence: The making of world-class research universities. World Bank Publications. Sallis, E. (2014).Total quality management in education. Routledge. Porter, M. E. (2011).Competitive advantage of nations: creating and sustaining superior performance. Simon and Schuster. Kelley, L., Sheehan, K., Jugenheimer, D. W. (2015).Advertising media planning: a brand management approach. Routledge.

The Bankruptcy of Enron free essay sample

A discussion of why and how Enron went bankrupt and what steps are being taken to salvage the ruins of this company. This paper examines Enrons bankruptcy and takes a look at the business community and the people involved with the financial departments of the corporation in order to analyze reasons for the failure. It discusses those affected by the bankruptcy, including Enron employees, the public, and the external market. The former employees of Enron are also the targeted audience as they are the ones who really suffered and they need to know and be assured that the prospect of their newly found joblessness is being looked into and hope shone through a weave of bureaucracy and red tape. Hundreds of current and former employees of the failed energy firm filed a joint court case, seeking damages for losses they suffered by investing in the companys share plan. The complaint, which is on behalf of more than 400 staff, names ex-chief executives Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, ex-finance director Andrew Fastow, auditors Andersen and trustee firm Northern Trust as defendants. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bankruptcy of Enron or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The allegation is that Enron encouraged its employees to invest their savings in its shares, despite the knowledge of senior executives about the firms real plight.

Alexander The Great Essays (618 words) - , Term Papers

Alexander The Great Who is ?Great In history there are few people who can be termed ?Great? and even fewer who deserve to be called so. Alexander, the son of King Phillip of the Macedonians, was one of these truly ?Great? people. He not merely ruled the largest know empire, was declared a God, lead his troops in battle, and conquered foreign cities, his first being at the age of sixteen, but he did it all within a thirteen year time period. Not only did he do all of this, but also it was done within thirteen years. When Alexander became the new King of Macedonia, many believed him to be to young to rule. They felt that he didn't have the experience needed to be their new leader. They had no way of knowing of the many things that he would come to accomplish in such a short time period. Alexander's first great accomplishment occurred when he was just sixteen years old. At this time, his father went away to war leaving Alexander to serve as a regent of Macedon. During his father's absence, Alexander led an expedition to a wild region that is now known as modern day Bulgaria. Once there, he subdued the rebellious barbarians and established his first city, Alexandropolis. On the return from his trip, King Philip was so impressed by his son's achievement that he appointed him a general in the royal army. (www.mrdowlings.com) When Alexander turned his attack towards Persia, his forces were much smaller than his opponent's. Alexander's army conquered Persia anyway, by winning a series of battles in which his troops were better trained and organized than the Persian army. His soldiers also admired Alexander because of his personal participation in the battles. He led his soldiers into battle instead of remaining behind the lines as was common for military leaders to do at that time. This allowed the troops to see that Alexander was sharing their danger, and was not asking them to take any risks he would not take himself. Later on, he once again went to march with his troops across a large body of water on their way to a surprise attack on Craterus. During this invasion, Alexander becomes the first commander to use something like a platoon. A platoon is a military unit that is composed of two or more squads or sections, normally under the command of a lieutenant. His method of crossing the river so long ago is still used today. (Dodge, 19) In 332 B.C.E., Alexander moved southward into Egypt where he rested his troops. The Egyptians welcomed him as a hero since he freed then from the ruthless Persian rule. For his remarkable accomplishment, the Egyptians crowned him as their new pharaoh and declared him a god. Shortly afterward, he founded the magnificent city of Alexander Egypt, which became the foundation of learning and Egyptian culture. (Burns, 205) These things are not easy tasks that everybody is capable of doing. In order to conquer such a great landmass, this king must no only have to be an excellent military leader, but a trusted person as well. Then to be named a god is something that very few mortal people have been able to accomplish. Alexander the Great was indeed a person with a trail of great accomplishments, which entitles him to bare the name ?Great.? Bibliography Bibliography Burns, Edward McNall; Hull, Richard W.; Lerner, Robert E.; Mecham, Standish; Ralph, Phillip Lee; Wood, Alan T.. World Civilization- Ninth Edition, New York, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997 Dodge, Theodore Ayrault. Great Captains, Port Washington, New York: Kennikat press, 1968 Mr. Dolings Electronic Passport, http://www.mrdowling.com Fall 2000 European History

Free Essays on Piagetian Video Case Study

Piagetian Video Case Study I began Michael-Joseph with Piaget’s task Conservation of Numbers by lining up two identical rows horizontally of three small stick pretzels. I asked, â€Å"Do both rows have the same number of pretzels?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Then I lengthened one row by placing one extra pretzel and asked him, â€Å"Now does one row have more pretzels in it than the other row?† He answered, â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Matter was the next task. I placed two identical balls of play dough (same size and shape) in front of Michael-Joseph. I asked, â€Å"Do these two balls have the same amount of play dough in them?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Without adding play dough, I changed the shape of one ball by flattening it. I asked him if he now thought that one of the play dough’s had more? His response was â€Å"no†. In conducting the Conservation of Length, I aligned vertically two unsharpened pencils (same length) in front of Michael-Joseph and asked, â€Å"Are these two pencils the same length?† His reply was â€Å"yes†. Without changing the size, I moved one pencil to the right and asked, â€Å"Now are the two pencils the same length?† Michael-Joseph answered â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Volume was the last task I conducted on Michael-Joseph. Measuring cup he observed me pour 1 cup of water into two identical glasses and dropping two identical play dough balls in each glass. I asked him if the balls moved the same amount of water in each glass he answered â€Å"yes†. Then I took one ball and changed its shape and placed it back into the cup of water. â€Å"Will the balls still move equal amounts of water in each glass?† Michael-Joseph answered, â€Å"yes†. Piaget’s tasks clearly represent Michael-Joseph at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. When conducting each task he was able to solve each task in a logical fashion. During the tasks his recognition of the physical world aided him to re... Free Essays on Piagetian Video Case Study Free Essays on Piagetian Video Case Study Piagetian Video Case Study I began Michael-Joseph with Piaget’s task Conservation of Numbers by lining up two identical rows horizontally of three small stick pretzels. I asked, â€Å"Do both rows have the same number of pretzels?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Then I lengthened one row by placing one extra pretzel and asked him, â€Å"Now does one row have more pretzels in it than the other row?† He answered, â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Matter was the next task. I placed two identical balls of play dough (same size and shape) in front of Michael-Joseph. I asked, â€Å"Do these two balls have the same amount of play dough in them?† He replied â€Å"yes†. Without adding play dough, I changed the shape of one ball by flattening it. I asked him if he now thought that one of the play dough’s had more? His response was â€Å"no†. In conducting the Conservation of Length, I aligned vertically two unsharpened pencils (same length) in front of Michael-Joseph and asked, â€Å"Are these two pencils the same length?† His reply was â€Å"yes†. Without changing the size, I moved one pencil to the right and asked, â€Å"Now are the two pencils the same length?† Michael-Joseph answered â€Å"yes†. Conservation of Volume was the last task I conducted on Michael-Joseph. Measuring cup he observed me pour 1 cup of water into two identical glasses and dropping two identical play dough balls in each glass. I asked him if the balls moved the same amount of water in each glass he answered â€Å"yes†. Then I took one ball and changed its shape and placed it back into the cup of water. â€Å"Will the balls still move equal amounts of water in each glass?† Michael-Joseph answered, â€Å"yes†. Piaget’s tasks clearly represent Michael-Joseph at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. When conducting each task he was able to solve each task in a logical fashion. During the tasks his recognition of the physical world aided him to re...

Impacts Of Information Technology In Hospitality Industry Essay

Impacts Of Information Technology In Hospitality Industry - Essay Example Hospitality industries are one of the fastest growing industries globally, this has been attributed to the large number of client base that source their services. Hotels are omnipresent in almost every sphere and sector of the economy; as a result, they serve a wide variety of clients ranging from leaders on retreat, families, business meetings and travellers. The advances in technology have therefore played an integral role in the growth and developments of hotels and other related restaurant industries. The changing consumer behaviour patterns in the global market have forced business executives to device new ways of satisfying the needs of the customers. The retention and building a strong customer base is the current headache for most hotel and restaurant managers mainly due to rapid changing face of the industry. Employment of information technology in ensuring that the dynamic customer needs is catered for will promote the growth of hotel industries (Khosrow-pour, 2002). Competitive advantage in this troubled economy is the desire of all industries. Developing products that appeal to the needs of the customers can be the first steps towards building a proper business advantage. Information technology therefore presents several avenues of improving service delivery and consumer satisfaction in hotel businesses (Koutroumanis, 2011). ... Information technology therefore presents several avenues of improving service delivery and consumer satisfaction in hotel businesses (Koutroumanis, 2011). The use of advanced and sophisticated mobile and computer technology has been adopted in various levels of hotel management. Hotels have adopted interactive interface on the internet to communicate with their clients and prospective customers. As a result, service delivery has been tremendously improved as the clients desires and needs are incorporated in various spheres of hotel management. Information technology has had a tremendous change in the management and operation of hotels in the entire globe (Smith, 2002). This paper discusses the impacts that the ever changing face of information technology has had on the operation and success of hospitality industries in the world. The instruments of information technology that are employed in the hotel industry will be discussed, analyzing the impacts that they have and continue to c reate in the sector. Methodology This chapter reviews the methods that were used in the collection of data and information based on the objectives of the thesis. The study seeks to establish the current applications of information technology in hotels and related industries. The areas of applications of information technology and the current new tools of IT used will also be critically evaluated. This study also seeks to establish the effects of information technology in the management of hotels and how information technology increases competitive advantage in the industry. The tools employed in the process of data collection are also described within this chapter. Based on the nature of this research, the case study design is the

Evaluate the current uses of 3D printing. Discuss the potential future Essay

Evaluate the current uses of 3D printing. Discuss the potential future of 3D printing based on current issues identified in the literature - Essay Example 3D technologies include building images layer by layer using powder and raw materials such as resins, plastics and super alloys rather than multi-coloured ink as in conventional printers (Berman 2012, p. 155). 3D printing presents many future possibilities, albeit some clearly not for the foreseeable future, including the manufacturing of final objects closer to consumers or even by the consumers themselves, with significant implications for both the society and economy. On the other hand, there are also issues ranging from social to practical, legal and economic aspects. This paper will evaluate the current uses of 3D printing and discuss its potential future based on the issues associated with them. 3D printing has evolved since the first functional 3D printer was created in 1984. The 3D printing or additive manufacturing process is a form of rapid-prototyping that fabricates three-dimensional objects using the technology of ink-jet printing. The process joins materials from three-dimensional model data to make or ‘print’ objects, usually placing layer upon layer unlike subtractive manufacturing that include cutting and moulding raw materials into objects (Stahl 2013, p. 3). Further, it mainly uses systems of 3D scanning and computer-aided design (CAD) models for production. Objects printed using the 3D technology are fabricated after successive layers of materials are solidified, fused or deposited on top of each other, whereby each layer corresponds to the objects’ cross-sectional shapes. FDM (fused deposition modeling) and SLS (selective laser sintering) are currently the most common 3D printing technologies. Technological developments have made the conce pt more accessible and affordable, widening the range of current and potential users beyond the previous rapid prototyping systems that fundamentally targeted engineering and industrial applications. According to Stephens, Orch & Ramos (2013, p. 334), 3D printing may better be understood by viewing what

Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Research - Essay Example First, the resin is melted ( bead-like ) and Repro. The Stards are used to melt the Repro. Then, they are blown up into cylinders until they bubble up to the top of the machine. Once they are on the top, they are flattened using various rollers. After which, when everything has been flattened, these are rolled around a roll of cardboard on a metal rod. Finally, the bar is taken off a plug is placed on one end. The plastic would be now wrapped and multiple rolls would be placed standing right up on a skid. Again, they would be wrapped in plastic and properly labeled, then placed in a box. They would then be sent to the warehouse for shipping and classified as finished goods. It is also important to note that the colors are melted one at a time during the beginning of the process. This goes on daily because operations is 24/7. Over-all, there are 32 machines that produce the rolls. The maintenance for the machinery is done annually where the machines are cleaned thoroughly. The machine s are really big so cleaning them for a day would not suffice. The cleaning of these machines are scheduled on holidays so operations would not be affected. Demand for BEMIS products are high so the company cannot afford to lose productive time. I also observed that one roll can be easily made in as short as half an hour or more. Bigger rolls, however, need more time and can take as much as four to five hours. On the average, the machines produce 40† rolls in 40 hours. In a daily basis, the rolls produced equals to 540-550 pounds. To be able to achieve this high level of productivity, BEMIS operates for 24 hours. There are 100 employees distributed to work on four different shifts. Indeed, one can’t help admiring the whole process of production as everything is synchronized to meet the buyer’s demands or specifications. Come to think of it, the products of BEMIS are very many so efficiency is very important. BEMIS can meet all these challenges because it continue s to innovate itself and prioritize product research. The second part of this paper deals with the logistics of the products. Due to the high-volume of products produced in a daily basis, the logistics section is very busy. There are also times when companies would require extra orders during peak seasons which makes logistics very challenging. The pallets are often termed units for shipping purposes. A single pallet weighs 800 to 1,000 pounds. On a very busy day, there are one million pounds shipped to different buyers. A truck can carry as much as 40,000 pounds worth of pallets. Friday is considered the busiest day of the week so 18 trucks (scheduled and unscheduled ) are available for use on this day. It if it’s just an average day, only 600,00-700,000 pounds are shipped by BEMIS to its buyers. Normally, it takes 30-40 minutes to load the products on a truck. Safety measures are put in place to avoid any accidents. These are the procedures in loading a truck: 1. Get releas e. It is important for processors to know the pertinent details of the shipment. They must declare truthfully the type of products loaded on the truck which would be declared as soon as the buyers receive them. Details such as time of shipping, weight, quantity and other special instructions are contained in the documents like the Bill of Lading. 2. The next step involves pulling or staging pallets to the shipping area. The men driving the forklift and

Madeleine Leininger Theory Of Culture Care Nursing Essay

Madeleine Leininger Theory Of Culture Care Nursing Essay Madeleine Leninger was born on July 23 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska.  She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing.  Her theory of Culture Care is now a nursing discipline. In this modern health care system, nurses should consider culture as an important aspect to provide holistic care. Rationale for selecting Leiningers theory We selected Madeleine Leiningers Theory of Culture Care: Diversity and Universality for our clinical practice with many reasons. We observe diversity among our patient population on a daily basis. Patients come from different cultures with different values and beliefs. One practice that is accepted in one society or culture may not be accepted in another culture. Patients have the right to get the care based on their cultural values and beliefs. For this reason, it is one of the major responsibilities of nurses to provide culturally competent holistic care to improve patient outcome. For this reason it is of utmost importance to promote cultural competence among all nurses. Leininger (2006a: 16) refers to culturally congruent care as knowledge, acts, and decisions used in sensitive and knowledgeable ways to appropriately and meaningfully fit the cultural values, beliefs, and life ways of clients for their health and well-being, or to prevent illness, disabilities, or death. Biography of Madeleine Leininger Madeleine Leininger is well known to as a nursing theorist who developed transcultural nursing model. She was born in Sutton, Nebraska in July 23, 1925. She received her nursing diploma from St. Anthonys School of Nursing in Denver, and in 1950, she received her bachelor of Nursing from St. Scholastica College. She completed her Master of Science in mental health nursing from Catholic University of America in 1954. She attended University of Washington in 1965 and studied cultural and social anthropology in which she was awarded a Ph.D. In her earlier years in the nursing profession, she realized care as one of the important function in nursing. Transcultural nursing was an idea that was formulated by Leininger when she realized that the behaviors of the children in the guidance home were recurrent patterns from their cultural background. Transculture theory was developed to provide nursing care in a holistic and comprehensive approach. Her theory gives nurses avenues on how to provide care in harmonious way through applying the patients cultural beliefs, values and practices. Classification of the Theory McEwen Wills (2011) places Leiningers Theory in the high middle range theory classification based on the level of abstraction or degree of specificity. Leininger states that it is not a grand theory because it has particular dimensions to assess for a total picture. It is a holistic and comprehensive approach, which has led to broader nursing practice applications than is traditionally expected with a middle-range, reductionist approach . Assumptions of Theory of Culture Care The central focus of the theory is care. Caring is important for health, well-being, healing, growth, survival, and for facing illness or death. Culture care is a wholistic approach to serve human beings in health, illness and dying. There is no cure without giving and receiving care. Concepts of culture care have different and similar aspects in different parts of the world. Each human culture varies in folk remedies, professional knowledge and practice. Knowledge regarding this variation is important for the nurses to know to provide quality care. Worldview, language, religious, spiritual, social, political, educational, economic, technological, ethno historical, and environmental factors affect culture care values, beliefs and practices. Healthy applications of culturally based care promote the wellbeing of the patient. Thorough knowledge of the culture is necessary to provide competent care to the clients. Clients who experience nursing care without incorporating the cultural iss ues experience stress, cultural conflict, noncompliance, and ethical moral concerns. Major concepts of the theory Understanding of major concepts of theory is important to understand the whole theory. Care is to assist others with real or anticipated needs in an effort to improve a human condition of concern or to face death. Caring is an action or activity directed towards providing care. Culture refers to learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and life ways of a specific individual or group that guide their thinking, decisions, actions, and patterned ways of living. Cultural care refers to multiple aspects of culture that influence and enable a person or group to improve their human condition or to deal with illness or death. Cultural care diversity refers to the differences in meanings, values, or acceptable modes of care within or between different groups of people. Cultural care universality refers to common care or similar meanings that are evident among many cultures. Person  refers to an individual human caring and cultural being as well as a family, group, a social i nstitution, or a culture. Nursing is a learned profession with a disciplined focused on care phenomena. Worldview refers to the way people tend to look at the world or universe in creating a personal view of what life is about. Cultural and social structure dimensions include factors related to religion, social structure, political/legal concerns, economics, educational patterns, and the use of technologies, cultural values, and ethno history that influence cultural responses of human beings within a cultural context. Health refers to a state of well-being that is culturally defined and valued by a designated culture. Cultural care preservation or maintenance refers to nursing care activities that help people of particular cultures to retain and use core cultural care values related to healthcare concerns or conditions. Cultural care accommodation or negotiation refers to creative nursing actions that help people of a particular culture adapt to or negotiate with others in the healt hcare community in an effort to attain the shared goal of an optimal health outcome for client(s) of a designated culture (Summarized from Leininger, 2001, pp. 46-47). Major Propositions of the Theory Leininger (1991) proposes that there are three modes for guiding nurses judgments, decisions, or actions in order to provide appropriate, beneficial, and meaningful care. They are cultural preservation or maintenance, cultural care accommodation or negotiation, and cultural care repatterning or restructuring. Cultural preservation or maintenance retain or preserve relevant care values so that clients can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death. Cultural care accommodation or negotiation adapt or negotiate with the others for a beneficial or satisfying health outcome. Cultural care repatterning or restructuring records, change, or greatly modify clients life ways for a new, different and beneficial health care pattern (Leininger, 2002). The modes have greatly influenced the nurses ability to provide culturally congruent nursing care, as well as fostering culturally-competent nurses. These three modes of action can lead to the deliverance of nurs ing care that best fits with the clients culture and thus reduce cultural stress and chance for conflict between the client and the caregiver. Examples from the literature of how the theory been used According to the article the expression of pain and its management has social and cultural facts that affect the biological state of the person, therefore many societies and cultures have their own ways and perception to pain and how they treat it. In this article the nurses who were giving care to the patient used the international treatment guideline which is a stepwise approach to the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, involving not only over-the counter anti-inflammatory drug, but also lower dose opioids (Lu Javier, 2006). The nursing decisions that were used in this article are cultural care accommodation and negations in which the nurses incorporated the holistic approach of using hilot. Hilot is a form of traditional Filipino healing massage; the patients were allowed to use natural topical ointment which is commonly found in their culture for relief of pain. This process allowed the patients to be comfortable with the care that they received due to incorporating cultural believes with western medications. This also allowed the patient to have knowledge that is related to the treatment of pain, cultural values and heritage especially in the older population who view pain medication such as opioids and administration of it as addictive and would rather suffer through it than to use it. The rational for this is because of the beliefs in the Filipino culture by both prescribing doctors, nurses who administer the medications and the patient that there will be high incidents of the patient becoming addicted opiods when used in treating chronic pain. Action plan The theory of Madeleine Leiningers will be integrated into practice in the work place by first reviewing the care and cultural values that fits the patient. This will be done by the way the nurse approach, work with and assist or help the patient. The integration will be approach through culturally congruent care or care that fits the culture, because care is enabling process by which the nurse will facilitate assist, guide and help the patient to link what the nurse is trying to help them in the treatment of their disease. This approach will help the nurse mange the diseases from a unique cultural perceptive of the patient. The nurse will monitor home remedies that are unique to the patient during admission and determine if any of them are contraindicated with the medications which the patient was taking. Also integrating religious rituals into the care plan can help make a significant impact on the success of the patients treatment; it will impact on the perception of the patients health, disease process and treatment. With the patients permission, involving close family member can give the patient emotional support. Including respect of cultural values may allow the patient to express themselves to the nurse because they may view this as a sign of respect. When a nurse is having difficulty to get the patient to buy into to a particular treatment, negotiating will help them adapt without compromising the patients values. When the nurse develops the basic understanding of health behavior of a culture, this helps to have a positive impact on the nurse-patient relationship. Concrete examples of how theory would be integrated During assessment, the plan of care for the patient will be established. This will give the nurse clear concise pertinent information about the patient. Cultural needs such as language barrier, dietary restrict, and beliefs will be assessed. Also rituals that may affect the patients care such as dietary restrict will be considered. An example is if the patient is Jewish, or Seventh day Adventist food product or meat made from pork should be omitted from their dietary tray. Meal planning is important because diet plays such an import healing process in the patients illness. Language barrier is another cultural issue that may arise during the patients stay in the hospital. Using the right interpreter such as someone who is certified and competent in the patients language is beneficial to prevent the wrong information being given to the patient. All these will be beneficial, helpful, assistive, and therapeutic in the board sense to maintain an open communication between the nurse and th e patient. Conclusion In todays healthcare field, it is required for nurses to be sensitive to their patients cultural backgrounds when creating a nursing plan. This is especially important since so many peoples culture is so integral in whom they are as individuals, and it is that culture that can greatly affect their health, as well as their reactions to treatments and care. The practice of nursing today demands that the nurse identify and meet the cultural needs of diverse groups understand the social and cultural reality of the client, family, and community, develop expertise to implement culturally acceptable strategies to provide nursing care, and identify and use resources acceptable to the client (Boyle, 1987). When Leiningers Transcultural Nursing theory guides nursing practice, nurses can look at how a patients cultural background is involved in his or her health, and use that knowledge to create a nursing plan that will help the patient get healthy quickly while still being sensitive to his or her cultural background. Nursing is in a new phase of health emphasis where there is an increased display of cultural identity, accompanied by increased demands for culture specific care and general health services.   Unquestionably, it is the theory of today and tomorrow and one which will grow in use in the future in our growing and increasingly multicultural world. The research and theory provide a new pathway to advance the profession of nursing and the body of transcultural knowledge for application in nursing practice, education, research, and clinical consultation worldwide.

Breast Cancer Essay -- Biology Essays

Breast Cancer The thought of having breast cancer is frightening to every woman, and devastating to some. However, ignoring the possibility that you may get breast cancer, or avoiding the things you should do to detect and avoid cancer, can be even more dangerous. Breast cancer is a devastating disease that may affect one out of nine women in the United States. This year alone, a patient will be diagnosed every three minutes and a woman will die from breast cancer every thirteen minutes. Unfortunately, there is still little known about the disease’s cause or cure. Currently the only means of increasing a breast cancer victim’s chance of survival is early detection by annual breast exams and education about the disease. A professional high quality mammogram is the most reliable way to find breast cancer as early as possible. By the time a lump can be felt in a woman’s breast, it is usually bigger than the size of cancers that can be found with a mammogram. About twenty five percent of breast cancers are found through monthly exams and thirty five percent are found through mammograms. They rate of cancers discovered increases to nearly forty percent when physical exams and mammograms are used. Women are urged to do both. Educating women about breast cancer has become increasing important. Recently, an alarming survey, conducted by the American Cancer Society, showed that many women have incorrect perceptions about their risk of getting breast cancer. Nearly half of the women believed their chances of developing cancer were as much as fifty percent, when in reality it is only eleven percent. Also, many women thought that their risk of getting breast cancer was highest in their thirties and fourths, when in ... ... and to kill cancer cells if they ever develop. A large number of studies also back up a link between alcohol intake and an increased chance of developing breast cancer. Overall women that drink an average of three drinks a day have a forty percent higher chance of developing the disease verses non-drinkers. Research has found that alcohol alters the way a woman’s body metabolizes estrogen. As estrogen levels rise, the risk of developing the disease does also. Above all, the important thing to remember is that having no risk factors should not give you a false sense of security. It is vital for each woman to be aware of their own personal risk factors for developing cancer, and what they can do to decrease their chances with simple lifestyle changes. Women are encouraged to talk to their doctors and do their own research to further inform themselves.

Commands to the computer Essay

Function keys across the top Letter keys in the main section A numeric keypad on the right Cursor movement and editing keys between the main section and the numeric keypad. The layout of the letters on a keyboard is standard across many countries and is called a QWERTY keyboard. The name comes from the first six keys on the top row of the alphabetic characters. Some keyboards come with added keys for using the Internet and others have an integrated wrist support. Ergonomic keyboards have been developed to reduce the risk of repetitive strain injury to workers who use keyboards for long periods of time. The computer’s processor scans the keyboard hundreds of times per second to see if a key has been pressed. When a key is pressed, a digital code is sent to the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This digital code is translated into ASCII code (American Standard Code of Information Interchange). For example, pressing the ‘A’ key produces the binary code 01100001 representing the lower case letter ‘a’. Holding down the shift key at the same time produces the binary code 01000001 representing the upper case letter ‘A’. Advantages: Most computers have this device attached to it It is a reliable method for data input of text and numbers. A skilled typist can enter data very quickly. Specialist keyboards are available Disadvantages: It is very easy to make mistakes when typing data in It can be very time consuming to enter data using a keyboard, especially if you are not a skilled typist. It is very difficult to enter some data, for example, details of diagrams and pictures. It is very slow to access menus and not flexible when you want to move objects around the screen Difficult for people unable to use keyboards through paralysis or muscular disorder. Mouse A mouse is the most common pointing device that you will come across. It enables you to control the movement and position of the on-screen cursor by moving it around on the desk. Buttons on the mouse let you select options from menus and drag objects around the screen. Pressing a mouse button produces a ‘mouse click’. You might have heard the expressions ‘double click’, ‘click and drag’ and ‘drag and drop’. Most mice use a small ball located underneath them to calculate the direction that you are moving the mouse in. The movement of the ball causes two rollers to rotate inside the mouse; one records the movement in a north-south direction and the other records the east-west movement. The mouse monitors how far the ball turns and in what direction and sends this information to the computer to move the pointer. Advantages: Ideal for use with desktop computers. Usually supplied with a computer so no additional cost. All computer users tend to be familiar with using them. Disadvantages They need a flat space close to the computer. The mouse cannot easily be used with laptop, notebook or palmtop computers. (These need a tracker ball or a touch sensitive pad called a touch pad). Trackball A tracker ball, is like an upside down mouse with the ball on top. Turning the ball with your hand moves the pointer on the screen. It has buttons like a standard mouse, but requires very little space to operate and is often used in conjunction with computer aided design. You will often find a small tracker ball built into laptop computers in place of the conventional mouse. Advantages Ideal for use where flat space close to the computer is limited. Can be useful with laptops as they can be built into the computer keyboard or clipped on. Disadvantages Not supplied as standard so an additional cost and users have to learn how to use them a joy stick is simalar to the mouse but turns at the sides a joy stick is used to play computer games it turns in 8 dirtion and is used for controlling things like cars advantge there is an idmete feel of dirction due to the movement of the stick disavantges its hard to controlthey can break ealisy This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www. coursework. info.

The Ultimate ACT Math Prep Guide Strategies, Topics, and Tips

The Ultimate ACT Math Prep Guide Strategies, Topics, and Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We at PrepScholar believe in providing you with the highest quality ACT study material. We've put together a detailed, entirely free guide for your ACT math prep right here.This is the best, most comprehensive guide to the ACT Math section available anywhere.To make this article, we brought all of our top ACT Math guides together in one place. The path to mastering the ACT is challenging, but if you're dedicated to doing your best on the test and are ready to commit your time and energy to improving your score, using our guides can help you reach your greatest potential! This ultimate guide to ACT Math will start by comparing the ACTand SAT Math sections so that any of you still on the fence about which test to take can make the best decision for you. Next, we'll go through the format of theACTMath section, point you toward the bestfree ACT Mathtests and practice problems, and dive into more generalACTtips you'll need to know for the test. Finally, we'll go over the individual math topics bound to appear on test day. It's a good idea to read each guide we've linked roughly in order- at least the first time you go through this collection. Afterward, you can come back to any of the guides you need to review to give yourself a refresher. Now that we've covered the basics, let's dive in! If you'd rather skip around, here are quick links to the main sections of this article: ACT Math vs SAT Math High-Level ACT Math Section Overview Free ACT Tests and ACT Math Practice Problems ACT Math Tips and Tools ACT Math Topic Guides Strategies for Multiple Types of ACT Math Problems Individual ACT Math Topic Guides ACT Math vs SAT Math For those of you who aren't sure whether the SAT or ACT is right for you, we've broken down what each test looks like, how their sections differ, and which one better suits the type of math student you are. ACT vs. SAT: 11 Key Differences to Help You Pick the Right Test What are the main differences between the ACT and SAT? How different (or similar) are their Math sections?We'll show you how each test differs in terms of structure, style, and content- as well as what this means for you. Is the ACT Easier Than the SAT? Everyone seems to have an opinion on whether the ACT or SAT is easier, but differentpeople will find that different testssuit them best. So which is easier: ACT or SAT Math? In this guide, we help you determine which exam will be easier for you based on your own strengths and weaknesses. High-Level ACT Math Section Overview Now that you've (presumably) decided to choose the ACT Math section, let's talk big picture. These guides will lay the foundation for your ACT studies to give you an idea of how the ACT Math section works as a whole and how you can master it. What’s Actually Tested on ACT Math Section? Concepts, Subjects, and Skills The first step to understanding how to master the ACT Math section is to learnexactly what you'll be tested on. This guide takes you through all of the major math topics tested on the ACT so that you can know what and how to study for this section. How You Can Take Advantage of ACT Math Question Order Because the ACT is a standardized test, you can use its structure to predict what your own ACT will look like. In this guide, we explain how the ACT Math section is arranged and teach you how to use this information to your advantage during your studies and on test day. How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer For those of you who are already doing well on ACT Math and want to aim for perfection, this is the guide for you. Written by a perfect scorer, our article gives youexpert advice and tips to helpyou take your ACT Math score to the top. Free ACT Tests and ACT Math Practice Problems Mastering the ACT, especially the Math section,requires you to arm yourself with tons of content knowledge and take the time to practice with real ACTMath practice tests and problems. Here, we give you our picks for the best free onlineACT Mathmaterials to use in your test prep. Complete Official ACT Practice Tests, Free Links If you haven't yet taken a full ACT practice test yet, set aside some time and take one of these free, real ACTtests. This will give you a score as a starting point to work with, and will show you how your Math score fits into the larger picture of your ACT score goals. Complete List of FREE ACT Math Practice Questions In addition to full ACT tests, there are many ACTMath problems available for free online that aren't part of full-length tests. We link to all of them here and give you helpful tips you'll needto master in order to be able to solve them both fast and accurately. The 21 Hardest ACT Math Questions Ever We've compiled the most difficultACTMath problems from the past 10 years and provided answer explanations for each of them. Take a look if you're ready to test yourself against the most difficult problems the ACThas to offer! ACT Math Tips and Tools So far you've learned what the ACT Math section looks like, high-level strategies for improving your scores, and where to find high-quality ACT Math practice problems. Now, we'll look at theskills and tools you'll need to further master the Math section. The 31 CriticalACTMath Formulas You MUST Know One of the most important aspects of the testis knowing your ACT math formulas as well as how to apply them to problems. In this guide, we show you what math formulas you'll absolutely need to know, and what formulas you can get away withnotknowing on test day. How to Actually Use YourACTMath Formulas Now that you know the keyformulas, how do you make use of them on ACT Math? We show you how and when to use math formulas to their greatest effect, and take you through the formulas you'll need to know most for the test. How to Improve Low ACT Math Scores: 9 Tips From a Perfect Scorer If you're consistently scoring in the range of 14-24 on ACT Math but want to hit 26 or higher, this is the guide for you. Here, our resident full scorer gives you the motivation and essential tips needed to easily and effectively raise your Math score. How to Get the Most Out of ACT Math Practice Questions Knowing how to use your practice problems effectively is just about as important as having access to practice problems in the first place. Learn how to best approach ACT Math problems and ultimately improve your score. Guide toACTCalculators: Expert Tips A good (and pre-approved)calculatoron ACTMath isindispensable. Learn which calculators are allowed on the test and get the inside knowledge of which calculators ourACTexperts prefer. How to Guess Strategically on ACTMath When should you guess on an ACT Math question? More importantly, how can you make your best guess possible? Learn how to increase your guessing oddsand give yourself the greatest possibility of getting a Math question right. How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACTMath Running out of time on ACTMath when you practice? This section is fast paced but not impossible. Here, we take you through the steps you'll need to beat the clock and get your best Math score. How You'll Get Stuck in ACT Math Questions, and What to Do About It If you've ever found yourself stymied by a problem, this is the guide for you. We help you quickly identify when you're going down the wrongACTMath path, and how to get yourself out of it. ACTMath Topic Guides Now that you've got a solid grasp of the most important high-levelACTMath strategies, it's time to take a look at each and everymath topic on the test. We've written individual informational andstrategyguides for every ACT Math topic, and provide practice problems with answer explanations for each. Strategies for Multiple Types of ACT Math Problems Many ACTMath problems can be solved in multiple ways, and two strategies in particular can help you solve several kinds of questions. These key strategies give you the power to answer questions on math topics you aren't sure how to solve using the "traditional" way, and help you double-check that you've chosen the correct answer. Plugging in Answers: A Critical ACT Math Strategy Plugging in Numbers: A Critical ACT Math Strategy Instead of solving math problems directly, you can use the structure of the test against itself. These two essential strategies involve putting answer choices back into problems and using numbers to test equations and inequalities. They're especially helpful forcomplex algebra problems- nothing beats working with real numbers instead of variables! Individual ACT Math TopicGuides Now, let's look at each math topic on the ACTby subject. Numbers Integers (basic) Integers (advanced) Fractions, ratios, and proportions Statistics Probability Sequences Algebra Single-variable equations Systems of equations Inequalities Operations Functions Word problems Polynomials Coordinate Geometry Lines and slopes Reflections, translations, and rotations Plane and Solid Geometry Lines and angles Circles Triangles Polygons Solid Geometry Conic sections Trigonometry Advice for Using This Ultimate ACT Math Guide There's a lot of information here, so take your time as you read through it. Similarly, try to balance your studies over a period of several months. The ACTMath section is complicated, and there's a lot of content and problem-solving techniques to understand if you want to score highly on it. That said, always take to heart that it is possible for you to do well onACTMath. Getting a good Math score requires dedication and discipline, but mastering the section iscompletely doable. And don't forget that taking the time to work through these ACT Math prep guides means you're already on the right track! What’s Next? Want more guidance? Check out our other ACT sectionguides forEnglish, Reading, Science, and Writing. We've also got an ultimate guide to the ACT as a whole! Think you might be procrastinating on your ACT study plan? Then read our guide to learn how you can get your focus back and stop putting off ACT prep. If you're still feeling overwhelmed, consider working with a prep program.OurACTprep programlearns your strengths and weaknesses to tailor your study materials and lessons to the areas you need to focus on most. We also teach you how to balance your time during your studies so that you can get the most out of every hour of prep. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. 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Psy 104 the Role of Gentics Essay

Psy 104 the Role of Gentics Essay Psy 104 the Role of Gentics Essay What determines how a fetus in the womb will develop? Will she have short hair or long? Will he be a basketball player or play soccer? Will she be tall or short? Will he be fat or skinny? Genetics is a fundamental building block to the development of the fetus in the womb. â€Å"The entire genetic code of a human is determined by the unique combination of a mother’s single ovum (egg) and a father’s single sperm† (Mossler, 2011, 2.1 Genetic Foundations). Genes play an important role in determining physical trait. Genes play a significant role in determines who a person is. As a couple begins the process of reproduction, the one cell that is formed after conception will turn into trillions of other cells. Both the sperm and ovum contain chromosomes that will eventually be the foundation of human life. The specific genes within these chromosomes include a chemical structure called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is the code or instructions that make up all life. All cells in the body contain 46 chromosomes. These 46 chromosomes are made up of 23 sperms and 23 ovum. When the sperm and ovum cell meet the result is one new organism that contains the correct 46 chromosomes. Periodically, the joining of the sperm and ovum cell will reproduce an offspring that can potential inherit one or many abnormal gene which will produce diseases such as sickle cell. Sickle cell disease is a hereditary genetic disease which appears to plaque people of African ancestry, Hispanic, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descents. As the sickle cell disease, continues to penetrate a segment of the world population one must understand how the abnormal gene originates and the influence each parent plays in passing down this trait to the off springs they will produce. According to â€Å"The Sickle Cell Association of Ontario† (2012),â€Å"Sickle cell disease is a hereditary genetic disease characterized by the presence of abnormal crescent-shaped red blo od cells instead of the regular biconcave disc-shaped cells† ( The Evolution of Sickle Cell). Sickle cell disease is a very rare disease but yet there are a lot of people who suffer from this in the United States and other Mediterranean countries. Worldwide there are approximately 120,000 infants born with sickle cell disease every year. In America 1 in 500 African-Americans and 1 in 1,200 Hispanic Americans are born with sickle cell disease (â€Å"U.S. News Health†, 2010). Sickle cell disease is an inherited, lifelong disease. Individuals who acquire this disease are born with it. A successful candidate of sickle cell disease will inherit two copies of the sickle cell gene from both parents. Most individuals that acquire the sickle cell disease have a single defect on both the mother’s and father’s chromosome 11. Due to this single defect the hemoglobin molecules will bind together to form long, rod-like structures considered sickle, or crescent shape cells. As red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to various other organs and tissues, the protein called hemoglobin is disfigured and produces an abnormal typed called hemoglobin S. Because of the abnormal shape, these cells don’t move easily through the blood vessels. This abnormal hemoglobin are stiff and sticky and tend to form clumps and get stuck in the process of blood flowing through the vessels. Currently, there are two forms of sickle disease, sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait. Sickle cell anemia is the most common form of sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia affect millions throughout the world. Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal reessie genetic disorder caused by a defect in the HBB gene. In order for an individual to acquire sickle cell anemia there must be present two defective genes. These genes are past down from both the father and mother. The defected genes are called hemoglobin (S). As the abnormal hemoglobin(s) tend to form clumps and get stuck in the blood vessels, the blood flow can tend to get blocked leading to organ

Funny Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Funny Story - Essay Example Luckily, my girlfriend was there to get me out otherwise I probably would have drank the entire fountain. Then we had to walk all the way back to the hotel; I was freezing, cold, and miserable. Needless to say those photos showed up on facebook. The second time I fell into a fountain I was with my family. We were at Universal Studios with my grandparents and we entered one of those little kid areas. My younger brother and I brought a football so we could throw when we got bored. My parents were getting a picture of my grandparents next to a fountain. My brother threw me a long pass and as I ran to catch it, I knocked my grandma into the fountain with me. Luckily no one got hurt, but my grandmother and I were so soaked that we had to go to the souvenir store and buy all new clothing to replace the wet ones. I have learned that when it comes to fountains and vacations that I have this power that always makes sure that I land in one. Even though they were embarrassing at the moment, the y remind me of good past memories and create jokes about what will happen in the future. If I am ever near a fountain again, I will have to be sure to wear a wetsuit and pack an extra set of clothes. I hope that as the admissions committee that you received a good laugh and remember to always pack a towel around fountains.

Edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Edit - Essay Example Fairy tales never have both sides of the characters in their story. If one person is shown to be kind and smart, the other character must be stupid or mean. Children realize who the â€Å"better† people are and can easily comprehend the differences between the two characters having opposite characteristics. A fairy tale’s ending of â€Å"happily ever after† explains how the clever and â€Å"good† people can overcome and win their conflict with evil. In addition, fairy tales teach children of when to encounter trials and tribulations in their lives; Children are bound to experience hardships and obstacles in the future. They will know that evil gets punished in the end and they will overcome the dilemmas through their virtuous deeds. Bettelheim convinces that fairy tales make children realize that they can overcome dilemmas and hardships through virtuous deeds, morality and hope. I agree with Bettelheim that fairy tales can guide children’s developme nt. This is because at the end of each tale, children are taught how to overcome hardships and avoid being punished due to evil characters (Bettelheim 128). Virtuous deeds and morality can lead to happy endings and give a positive lesson to the reader. In most cases, fairy tales do not deal with ambivalent characters. Instead they show characters that are either evil or bad without the mixture of the two characters. For instance, in the Cinderella fairy tale the main character is a kind and good person. On the other hand, the stepmother to Cinderella is an evil character. We find that even after Cinderella growing up in an evil family, she does not turn to be an ambivalent character. Instead she uses her Virtuous deeds and morality to become a good person that overcomes hardships and conflict with her evil family. This Fairy tale teach the reader that even though a person may experience an environment that is evil her or she can avoid being ambivalent through Virtuous deeds (Bettelheim

Consultancy Management Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Consultancy Management Techniques - Essay Example For internal sources of data, maintaining data quality is not that important as data is extracted through company generated reports whose authenticity is verified. For external sources of data to ensure data quality care must be put on selecting a good data source. Data should be extracted only from reputed research firm, company reports and other reputed reporting agencies. Information that needs to go in a management report depends on the type of management report. Mostly the information that goes into a management report is financial data, industry analysis reports etc. The report actually presents a picture of the specified area and how it affects the management. Sometimes vision of top executives and other qualitative information may also go into a management report. In a management report the data used can be both qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative data represents those data which can be statistically or mathematically analyzed. There is certain other form of data which cannot be analysed in this manner and those data represents qualitative data. Qualitative data are those data which represents what an industry expert views about the future of a particular industry and likewise (Johnson, and Christensen, 2008. Â  ). The data that will be collected by the company in the course of operation will be huge. The data will be of all sorts ranging from sales data, to financial data, to industry data, to human resource data. This is a digital age which means that the data collection mechanism has seen a rapid change and so the amount of data collected and will be huge. Collecting the data is just an initial step in creating the management report. The next important step is to select and keep the relevant data and discard the rest. To understand which data is relevant and which is to be discarded, it is very important to define the scope of management report. Once the scope and purpose of the management

Memories by Trilokesh Mukherjee Essay Example for Free

Memories by Trilokesh Mukherjee Essay The poem Memories is by an Indian poet called Trilokesh Mukherjee. The poet grew up in India and this influences the poem, he brings his culture into the poem by using imagery and senses and other literary devices. Also, he refers to the Gods from the Hindu religion and mythology. Hindu religion, mythology and family are all very important to the Indian people and this is all shown in the poem when they are sitting around the fire at night. The theme of this poem is childhood memories and how they are still strong in the poets mind. The setting of this poem is in the evening/night time and this is shown by the fact that all the creatures that are mentioned are nocturnal like the night owls. The meal was shared with all the children. This shows us that everybody is included, and there is a sense of togetherness in this community. The poet uses senses to help paint a picture in the readers head. He uses smell with smelled the smoke of the fire, the food being cooked, the smell of the rice. This is intended to make the reader feel relaxed and get a home feeling and feel delightful. Next, the poet uses sights. Glow worms added golden firework sparks on the dark canvas. The poet wants the readers to see a magical world through a kids eyes, and the glow worms are like fireworks going on. It is like the poet is bringing his dark canvas to life. Thirdly, Mukherjee uses sounds to give us an idea of what we can hear, the poet uses onomatopoeia and gives us three examples of what the reader can hear.untiring chirping of the crickets and nightjars, hooting of night owls, howling of distant jackals. There Are four different animals here and it could be that they are forming like a band, like the sounds of the night. There is also another example that again, makes the reader feel calm and relaxed. It is her reassuring voice. This shows us that Grandmother makes him feel safe and calm. There are many different ideas for tone in this poem. There is fascination, where the poet as child and his friends have heard the stories so many times, yet still want to hear more about it again and again. Again and again is emphasising on the repetition of the story. There is also excitement from the little kids. and then, Grandma! Although, they already know what was going to happen since they have heard the story  before. The poet brings in his culture again, and the reader can tell that culture is very important to the poet and also that he is proud of it. When he uses the adjectives valiant and wonderful to describe the Gods from the Hindu religion/ mythology. Towards the end of the poem, the tone of the poem gets sad, when the poet states Grandmother is no more. But, even though he said that, he says I can still hear her voice. This shows us how strong the poets memories are. There is then comfort when the poet said, I need only shut my eyes to hear the whispering. This shows us that he goes back an remembers the scene/ setting of the poem, which could be his happy place. The main message for the poem is that the importance and power of the memories. When he states Thats what the memories are about. This suggests that Mukherjee uses his childhood memories as a comfort zone. The language of the poem is also important in the way they describe the memories. In line 1-3 you can straight away realise that the poet uses the collective pronoun We This draws the reader into the poem, making them feel part of the poem. It shows the memories of all the family being together, almost like an autobiography. The poet used assonance of the I sound in untiring chirping of crickets its brings the sound alive. Also the metaphor in the third line, it suggests the brightness of the glow worms. It is almost like a child-like description of the magic of the moment. In lines 4-5, the poet again uses senses to remind him of the memories from his childhood with his Grandmother. Smelled the smoke. The smell of rice. The smell of rice reminds him of the warmth of the house since rice is more of an Indian cultured food. Mukherjee uses ellipsis at the end of line 5, like a dramatic pause which takes us to another stage of the memory which is his Grandmother telling stories to the children. In lines 6-9, after the dramatic pause, the poet uses the phrase Much later, this gives us the impression that the meal and the story telling lasted all night. Grandmothers reassuring voice makes her sound like a comforting and loving figure, which could be why this could be his favourite childhood memory and why he talks about it. There is also a paradox used Far away, unknown, yet familiar, this shows that the stories were extraordinary for the children. In lines 10-13, the children (including the poet) are always hungry to hear the story and are never really satisfied with it. The use of dialogue, exclamation marks and question marks, show the reader the excitement of the children listening to the story. In lines 14-17, Grandmother brought their dreams alive with her wonderful storytelling and this suggests again, why this could be their favourite childhood memory with their Grandmother. In conclusion, the poet brings out the main theme of the poem which is his childhood memories and by doing so, he is influenced by his culture and surroundings. Trilokesh Mukherjee uses imagery (senses mostly) and metaphors to bring his poem alive and its in the past and then towards the end its comes back to the present. This shows us that the poet is now back to reality. The poet thinks that memories are important and that they take us back to he things that really matter in life which is true and in this case it would be, taking him back, to when he was a young boy and how he and his friends would sit around the open fire and listen to his Grandmother tell stories after a meal.

Youth Unemployment and Crime in Australia :: essays research papers fc

The causes and consequences of youth unemployment in Australia has been of particular concern within both government and private sectors for many years. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 10.9% of the total 15-24 age population was unemployed in September, 1995. This figure climbed to 15.3% in September, 2003. This evidence gives cause to the growing concern surrounding the increase in youth unemployment. For sizeable numbers of youth, its not going to get any easier to find work as they move into their twenties or complete education. Opinions such as those found in the Smith Family Youth Unemployment Report (2003) hypothesise that juvenile crime is directly connected to the high rates of youth unemployment in Australia. In this essay, I would firstly like to ask exactly what is known about both the rates of juvenile crime and youth unemployment in Australia, and is there a direct link between the two? The suggested connection between a soaring crime rate and yo uth unemployment influences the way in which our society is governed and developed, making it imperative that we endeavor to try and understand and/or eliminate some of these suggestions. I will begin my essay by defining what I mean by youth unemployment and juvenile crime, and explore the possible challenges upon measuring both of these things. Comparing statistics gathered from both the ABS and other government recognized reports on unemployment, and information from the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), I will attempt to weigh up the claim that the crime rate has risen in unison with the unemployment rate. I will also assess claims made by Weatherburn (2001) that youth unemployment causes crime, sifting through the truths and fallacies. Opinions such as those found in the Smith Family Youth Unemployment Report (2003) which hypothesize that juvenile crime is directly connected to the high rates of youth unemployment in Australia cannot be neither accepted nor critiqued until there is a clear understanding of what the terms â€Å"Youth Unemployment† and â€Å"Juvenile Crime† mean in the context of this essay. In this essay youth unemployment is generally taken to include the entire 15-24 age cohort – not just 15-19 year old teenagers – who are no longer at school or university and who are without a job. I have chosen to include 20-24 year olds under the banner of â€Å"Youth†, as it gives a fairer picture of the performance of all young people in the labor market and takes into account the pattern of employment both during and after leaving school or university.

Effect of rice and rye straw

AbstractionPurposes: To analyze the suppression of the growing of Microcystis aeruginosa by different-term infusions of rice straw ( 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss ) and rye straw ( 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss ) . Methods and Consequences: All infusions with high concentration indicated repressive consequence on the growing of M. aeruginosa, and the 0.2-day infusion from rice straw and the 40-day infusion from rye straw indicated the most effectual 1s with EC50 values of 28.0 milligrams C l-1 and 18.9 milligrams C l-1, severally. The extract concentration of rice straw had negative relationship with the maximal growing and growing rate regardless decay continuance, whereas rye straw showed the negative relationship between the extract concentration and the lone maximal growing of M. aeruginosa. Features of infusions through extremist violet optical density should be changed due to debasement of straws. Decisions: Rice and rye straw infusion showed the possibility to command the growing of M. aeruginosa, and nevertheless, might be considered as an facet of another unexpected potency pollutant. Significance and Impact of the Survey: To place most effectual agent against algal growing, extracts from long-run debasement of straws could give more opportunity and possibility to happen allelochemicals. Keywords: long-run infusion, allelopathy, suppression, rice straw, rye straw, SUVA, Microcystis aeruginosaIntroductionTellurian workss have been known to incorporate assorted allelochemicals with anti-algal belongingss ( Rice, 1984 ) . For illustration, barley straw studied comparatively more than other straws like rice and rye has been reported to demo an suppression consequence of algal growing ( Pillinger et al. , 1992 ; Newman and Barrett, 1993 ; Barrett, 1994 ; Everall and Lees, 1996 ; Barrett et al. , 1996 ; Everall and Lees, 1997 ; Cooper et al. , 1997 ) due to assorted compounds extracted from barley straw under many different conditions, for case, oxidized phenolic compounds from lignin beginnings ( Pillinger, 1993 ; Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , p-coumaric and ferulic from cell wall-bound constituents ( Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , and tannic acid ( Hussein, 1982 ) . Rice straw has besides been known to let go of allelochemicals with phenolic compound to restrict the sprouting, gr owing, photosynthesis, respiration and metamorphosis of other workss ( Rice 1984 ; Inderjit et Al. 1995 ; Chung et Al. 2001 ) . Park et Al ( 2006 ) showed interactive and repressive consequence of assorted phenolic compounds extracted from rice straw on the growing of Microcystis aeruginosa. These straw-derived compounds may dwell of legion complex chemicals with assorted features in an aqueous status. As straws would be applied into aquatic ecosystems to command detrimentally algal growing, straw-derived chemicals would be excreted continuously, accumulated or changed into H2O column and features of chemicals would be changed harmonizing to the debasement clip which might be linked with the lability of chemicals. However, there was small information on this relationship between allelochemical production and debasement clip about rice and rye straws. Therefore, our purposes were to analyze whether released chemical from rice and rye straws harmonizing to decomposition clip has different suppression consequence on the growing of cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, known as nuisance algae around the universe, and to foretell the alteration of features of extracted stuffs during decomposition clip.Materials and methodsCollection of works stuffsRye straw ( Secale cereale L. ) was collected in Keumsan, South Korea. Rice straw ( Oryza sativa L. ) which was non applied with pesticides to analyze insect pathology was obtained from Kangwon Province Agricultural Research and Extension Service, South Korea. All stuffs were instantly moved to research lab, rinsed several times with tap H2O, dried at 50? for 3 yearss and stored in a dark status at room temperature. Stored workss were cut, mortared, and sieved through 1-mm mesh before experiment.Preparation of short or long-run decomposed infusionsNine gms of each works stuff ( dry weight ) were placed in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask, incorporating 1.8 L of Moss medium. The composing of Moss medium was ( in milligram ) 16.8 Ca2+ , 5.0 – 10-4 Co2- , 3.0 EDTA, 2.0 – 10-2 Fe3+ , 2.2 K+ , 2.4 Mg2+ , 2.0 – 10-2 Mn2+ , 4.0 – 10-3 Mo6+ , 13.6 Na+ , 6.4 NH4+ , 21.0 NO3- , 0.9 P5+ , 3.3 S6+ , 4.9 Si4+ , 5.0 – 10-3 Zn2+ , 3.3 – 10-8 Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ) , 3.3 – 10-7 d-Bioti n, 3.3 – 10-8 Thiamin-HCl ( B1 ) in 1 L of distilled H2O. To break up straws for a long clip, an aerator provided aerophilic status into the 2 L Erlenmeyer flask because maintaining aerophilic status was of import for the production of phytotoxic chemicals. For illustration, Welch et Al. ( 1990 ) indicated that microbic decomposition of barley straw was critical for the suppression of algal growing, and Newman and Barrett ( 1994 ) suggested that the chief demands for straw to be active are the care of aerophilic conditions and an active and diverse microflora. Humidifier prior to the aerator was installed to forestall the loss of infusions and civilization medium from the vaporization by blow uping dry air. The infusions from rice straw were sampled after 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss from puting straws in the civilization medium and those of rye straw were obtained after 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss from presenting straws. Each subsampling, 200 milliliter of infusions were filtered through a glass fibre filter paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) , and so filtrate was lyophilized and stored in a icebox until Microcystis aeruginosa growing trial. Culture medium including infusions was made by fade outing 20 milligram of lyophilised stuff in 100 milliliter of sterilized Moss medium and filtered through a glass fibre filter paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) . Then, to quantitatively look into the suppression of M. aeruginosa growing by infusions, civilization medium including infusions was diluted with sterilized Moss medium to a scope of concentration of infusions ( test solution ) . Tested concentrations of infusions each decomposition period of straws were in Table 1. The concentrations of dissolved o rganic C ( DOC ) in infusions were determined utilizing the TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) . Each 10 milliliter of civilization medium was stored at 4? to mensurate UV 260nm optical density.Culture status and growing finding of M. aeruginosaEach 4 milliliter of trial solutions was transferred into five glass civilization tubings ( c.a. 11 milliliter, USA Scientific Culture Tube ) with a cap and so, autoclaved. After 1-day chilling, each 0.3 milliliter of M. aeruginosa ( obtained from Institute of Hydrobiology, China ) was inoculated into four tubings and cultured. Remained one civilization tubing was used to mensurate clean value of fluorescence or optical density to observe algal growing each infusion. M. aeruginosa in exponential or stationary growing phase was inoculated for the experiments. Culture tubings were incubated in 25 ±1? and illuminated by fluorescent visible radiations to give about 80? E m-2 s-1 for 24 h every twenty-four hours. Tubes were agitated with a whi rl sociable twice a twenty-four hours. The places of experimental tubings in an brooder were randomized at least four times a hebdomad. In vivo fluorescence of M. aeruginosa was measured with 1 or 2 yearss interval utilizing a spectrofluorophotometer ( RF-1501, Shimadzu ) at 343 nanometer of an excitement wavelength and 680 nanometer of an emanation wavelength. Absorbance ( 680 nm ) of algal cells to mensurate algal growing was determined with 1 or 2 yearss interval utilizing a spectrophotometer ( 101, Hitachi ) alternatively of fluorescence after 50-day infusion of rice straw and 100-day infusion of rye straw.Determination of M. aeruginosa growing and statistics techniquesTo cipher maximal growing ( K ) and growing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa, a logistic map was used to show a sigmoid curve for algal growing ( SigmaPlot 9.0, Jandel Scientific ) as follows: EC50 values ( concentration, when 50 % suppression consequence occurs ) were obtained from maximal growing values of each trial compared with control on log-probit graduated tables. A consecutive line linking the two closest values above and below the line matching to 50 % suppression was obtained ( Yamane et al. , 1984 ) . In instance of 50 and 100 yearss in rice straw and 0.2 twenty-four hours in rye straw, EC50 values were calculated by the extrapolation of two closest informations of less than 50 % suppression. To cipher â€Å" no-inhibition upper limit tested concentration † , referred as a maximal concentration shown no-inhibition out of tried concentrations, repeated measured analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) with station hoc of Dunnett trial was used ( p & gt ; 0.05 ) to compare the distribution of optical density or fluorescence for observing M. aeruginosa growing between control without infusion and trial solutions. One-way ANOVA ( station hoc Duncan trial ) was util ized ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) to compare normalized maximal growing or normalized growing rate among three groups of dissolved organic concentration ( DOC ) of infusions, and normalized maximal growing or normalized growing rate are calculated by divided maximal growing or growing rate in trial solution by in control, severally.Ratio of UV260 and DOC in infusionsIn order to foretell the alteration of features of infusions during decaying, the ratio of UV optical density at 260 nanometers and DOC concentration ( SUVA ; specific extremist violet optical density ) was measured. The UV optical density and DOC were measured by a spectrophotometer ( UV-2401PC, Shimadzu ) and TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) , severally.ConsequencesConsequence of infusions of rice and rye straws on M. aeruginosa growing harmonizing to decomposition continuanceEffectss of infusions from rice and rye straws harmonizing to decay periods on M. aeruginosa growing were in Table 1. In rice straw, 0.2-day decay i nfusions showed the highest suppression consequence of the growing of M. aeruginosa among four different decomposition periods and the EC50 value was 28.0 mg C l-1. The infusion of 10-day decay was followed with EC50 value of 30.7 milligrams C l-1. In 50-day and 100-day of decomposition, repressive effects were much less than those in 0.2- and 10-day infusions, and stimulus effects were shown in the scope of less than 23 mg C l-1. Although each period has different concentration of infusions, when no-inhibition maximal concentration was considered in all decomposition periods, 0.2-day and 10-day decay with & A ; lt ; 9 and & A ; lt ; 2 milligram C l-1, severally, could bespeak higher inhibitory possible to command the growing of M. aeruginosa than 50-day and 100-day decay with 23 and 17 milligrams C l-1, severally. Likewise, growing per centum against control at maximal concentration each decay period showed similar form in malice of otherwise maximal concentrations. Overall, repres sive ability was mostly increased in scope of more than approximately 30 milligrams C l-1 in all decay periods ( Figure 1 ) . In rye straw, suppression capableness from 0.2-day decay to 40-day decay increased harmonizing to decay clip through decreasing of EC50 values ( Table 1 ) . Although suppression ability was diminished from 50-day decay infusion, suppression of M. aeruginosa growing increased until 150-day decay. Infusions of 40- and 150-day decay of rye straw had the highest repression capableness with 18.9 and 19.7 milligrams C l-1 of EC50 value, severally. Stimulus or repressive effects on the growing of M. aeruginosa coexisted in similar concentration of infusions from different decomposition clip ( Figure 1 ) . This phenomenon might give equivocal information to construe the repressive consequence by infusions from assorted decay phases. However, it was clear to demo positive relationships between extract concentration and repressive consequence, and perchance to bespeak that different substances from straws might be produced harmonizing to decay periods.Consequence of extract concentrations on the maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosaPercentage of maximal growing ( K ) and growing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa in each trial solution normalized by K and u in control was shown in Fig. 2, and three groups were differentiated by merely DOC concentration of infusions irrespective of decay periods ; low ( 2-10 milligram C l-1 ) , medium ( 11-30 milligram C l-1 ) , and high ( & gt ; 30 milligram C l-1 ) DOC. In rice straw, means (  ± SE ) of normalized K and U of M. aeruginosa were 102.5 (  ± 4.9 ) and 96.9 (  ± 2.9 ) in low DOC and 95.0 (  ± 11.1 ) and 102.1 (  ± 5.1 ) in medium DOC, severally, and there was no important difference in K ( p=0.655 ) and u ( p=0.710 ) between low and medium DOC ( one-way ANOVA, n=13 ) . However, agencies (  ± SE ) of normalized K and U in high DOC were 20.4 (  ± 18.5 ) and 43.4 (  ± 21.9 ) , sever ally, and infusions in high DOC might incorporate strong suppression ability against both maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosa. In rye straw, there was important difference in K among three degrees ( one-way ANOVA, F2,25=22.386, P & A ; lt ; 0.001, station hoc Duncan, n=26, P & A ; lt ; 0.005 ) , but no important difference in U among three degrees ( one-way ANOVA, F2,25=0.664, p=0.524 ) . This rye infusion showed repressive consequence on maximal growing but non on growing rate. Means (  ± SE ) of normalized K and u were 106.3 (  ± 6.8 ) and 101.4 (  ± 5.5 ) in low DOC, 67.3 (  ± 8.8 ) and 111.5 (  ± 7.9 ) in medium DOC, and 33.9 (  ± 8.5 ) and 89.9 (  ± 20.6 ) in high DOC, severally.Change of features of infusions harmonizing to decomposition clipSUVA values versus decay periods each infusion were shown in Fig. 3. Those SUVA values were increased harmonizing to decay periods in both straws. It might propose that features of infusion were altering during decomposition of straws, and both infusion could hold different stuffs. Slopes between decay clip and SUVA in rice and rye straw were 0.017 ( R2=0.63, P & gt ; 0.05 ) and 0.019 ( R2=0.93, P & A ; lt ; 0.01 ) , severally.DiscussionThis probe of time-course decomposition in rice and rye straws demonstrated that suppression capacity of infusions on the growing of M. aeruginosa increased with high concentration, whereas low concentration showed no-effect or stimulation for its growing in all decay periods. In rye straw, all infusions after 5-day decay showed higher suppression ( lower EC50 values ) than 0.2-day decay ( Table 1, Fig. 1 ) . Particularly, infusion of 150-day decay along with 40-day had maximal suppressive consequence, and this consequence was similar to the survey of Gibson et Al. ( 1990 ) utilizing barley straw, which indicated that the repressive consequence was produced increasingly during the decomposition of the barley straw and reached a maximal after six months. However, the survey utilizing rice straw showed different forms, where the leachates of short-run decay were more effectual than that of long-run decay although limited factors for comparative experiment between rye and rice straw were existed such as deficit of decay continuance and narrow concentration scope of rice straw. The growing of M. aeruginosa in a bioassay experiment would be inhibited due to the chelation of food by the leachates or straw-secreted antialgal bioactive compounds. The former ground might be ruled out, because there were ample foods and hint elements for the growing of M. aeruginosa in the civilization medium and the stimulation of algal growing in lower concentrations of leachates could non be explained by chelation mechanism. Similarly, one of indispensable growing factors, such as vitamin B12, would be more likely to be produced by straw microflora so removed from solution ( Welch et al. , 1990 ) . For the latter ground, several surveies demonstrated that algal growing inhibited by straw-secreted antialgal substances was associated with the straw decomposition ( Gibson et al. , 1990 ; Pillinger et al. , 1994 ; Ridge and Pillinger, 1996 ) . Ridge and Barrett ( 1992 ) showed that the straw was active even at low concentrations against a scope of algae in natural Waterss including unicellular and filiform green algae and blue-green algae. The difference of lignin content between rye and rice straws could be contributed into different forms of algal suppression when considered that lignin content of rye straw was much more treble than that of rice straw ( lignin content: 21 % in rye straw from Kocheva et al. , 2008 and 7 % in rice straw from Sun et al. , 2000 ) , although we did n't analyse lignin contents of our tried straws. Pillinger et Al. ( 1995 ) showed that lignin-enriched brown-rotted wood is repressive to both Chlorella and Microcystis to a greater extent than lignin-depleted white-rotted wood. As decomposition status in this survey, oxidization of straw may ease lignin solubilization and/or enhance toxicity of the solubilized materal ( Pillinger et al. , 1994 ) . Besid es, lignin appears to be the most promising beginning of compounds like the methoxyphenols ( Ridge et al. , 1995 ) . Methoxyphenols every bit good as quinones, used theoretical accounts for oxidised phenolic compounds, have shown antialgal activity against Microcystis ( Pillinger et al. , 1994 ) . Other phytotoxic compounds such as ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were found both in cold-water infusions of the straw of barley, rye, wheat, and in alcoholic infusions of their roots ( Borner, 1960 ) , and in rice straw ( Rice 1984 ; Inderjit et Al. 1995 ; Chung et Al. 2001 ) . The ground demoing otherwise repressive activity during straw debasement would probably be due to the continuum of production, the accretion of stubborn fraction and the chemical transmutation from assorted allelochemicals. As an application of an algae-growth inhibitor, adopted straws would undergo aging, decease, and decomposition in aquatic ecosystem. Under these conditions, plant-induced allelochemicals may be excreted or degraded continuously, be piled up into H2O columns, and besides contribute to the pool of organic affair in the aquatic ecosystem. These plant-derived allelochemicals contribute the formation of humic substances. SUVA can give information about the extent of aromacity of DOM related with humification. Increase of inclines between SUVA and decay periods in tried straws might ensue from the formation of stuffs such as humic substances harmonizing to decay periods and the gradual increasing of fractious fraction instead than labile one ( Fig. 2 ) . Chemical constr uction of straw infusions can be changed during biological and chemical decomposition, i.e. , labile fractions might be much more easy degraded than stubborn 1s ( Fig. 2 ) . For illustration, SUVA, an index of aromatic C content, has been shown to be negatively correlated with biodegradable DOC ( Kalbitz et al. , 2003 ) . However, qualitative designation and each specific consequence on the algal growing from decayed infusions remain to be studied. Although specific chemicals may be needed to be identified for the ecologically and environmentally safe options of Restoration, interactive consequence by combination of several chemicals might be considered ( Park et al. , 2006 ) . Short-run extraction from straws might lose out the opportunity to happen much better option, since this survey showed that infusions were chemically changed due to debasement and changed infusions showed different ability to suppress both maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosa. Conversely, the sig nificantly algicidal chemical might be missed from infusions of low concentration demoing stimulus consequence on M. aeruginosa growing in this survey. Particularly, notable would be the observation to demo the different form about the suppression of maximal growing and growing rate between rice and rye straw infusions ( Fig. 2 ) , and nevertheless, these physiological features might be remained to be elucidated. Although all tested workss showed the suppression of algal growing in this survey, before works leachates incorporating allelochemicals are applied to command algal growing, the addition of the organic affair by leachates in the lakes or reservoirs demands to be considered. The importance of the control of organic affair is beyond difference in the H2O quality direction and research lab consequences should be extrapolated to the field with cautiousness.DecisionAll extracts with high concentration expressed by DOC showed repressive consequence on the growing of M. aeruginosa, and the 40-day infusion from rye straw indicated most effectual 1 with the lowest EC50 value of 18.9 mgC l-1. It was found that the extract concentration of rice straw had negative relationship with the maximal growing and growing rate, whereas rye straw showed negative relationship between the extract concentration and the lone maximal growing of M. aeruginosa. Through UV optical density, features of infusions s hould be changed due to debasement of straws, and this alteration might be linked with their repressive ability on the growing of M. aeruginosa. However, increasing DOC as unexpected pollutants every bit good as extrapolation of research lab plants into field status should be considered anterior to using infusions from straws as an option for Restoration technique.MentionsBarrett, P.R.F. , 1994. Field and laboratory experiments on the effects of barley straw on algae. 1994 BCPC monograph No.59: comparison greenhouse & A ; field pesticide public presentation II pp.191-200.Barrett, P.R.F. , Curnow, J.C. , Littlejohn, J.W. , 1996. 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